Our dedicated reprogramming system is the VCI 2534 Global Programmer with iFlash software. This Motor Top 20 Tool winner of 2004 was one of the first 2534 tools on the market, and it remains the industry leader to this day. With features and functions unmatched in the market, our programmer exceeds the requirements of the 2534 standard to bring you capabilities that other tools can’t.
And already a proven and popular performer, iFlash will continue to see increasing use in coming years as manufacturers pile ever more electronic systems into their vehicles. The Blue Streak J2534 Global Programmer is a low-cost, multi-protocol hardware interface designed to support J2534 and non-J2534 specifications for reprogramming and pass-through diagnostics. This versatile tool communicates with a PC and features the industry-exclusive iflash user interface software. The 2534 Global Programmer is available in on-car and off-car kits and with or without a Laptop PC. OEM Calibration Subscriptions are not included and must be purchased directly from OEM web pages. The Off-Board 2534 Global Programmer is a cost effective solution for those Jobbers and Warehouse Distributors looking to grow their electronics and engine management parts sales. It can also be used by technicians that want to update the calibrations of an ECU off-car.
The off-car kits provide the necessary cabling to connect the BSE J2534 programmer directly to an ECU:. BEBD35701 – 2534 Global Programmer Off-Car with PC (no monitor). BEBD35702 – 2534 Global Programmer Off-Car (no PC). BEBD35703 – 2534 Global Programmer Off-Car with Laptop ComputerONBOARD KIT. The On-Board 2534 Global Programmer is a cost effective solution for technicians that wish to provide a full range of automotive repair services. The on-car kit connects directly to the standard OBDII connector and will program any J2534 compliant vehicle. The J2534 on-car kit is available with or without a PC in the following configurations:.
BXBD35721 – 2534 Global Programmer On-Car (no PC). BXBD35722 – 2534 Global Programmer On-Car with Laptop ComputerBLUE STREAK J2534 GLOBAL PROGRAMMER SUPPORTED PROTOCOLS. IFlash Programming is the process of reprogramming automotive electronic control units (ECUs).
Today’s vehicles are equipped with a number of ECM’s that process information and control the engine, transmission and other functions. ECM’s require regular updates just like a home PC and are designed to be flash reprogrammed with updated software to ensure optimum efficiency, driving comfort and accurate diagnostics. These updates are required every time a new ECM is installed and whenever the OE manufacturer releases a new version of this operating software.
List. Transportation. (50%)+.
Automobile (44%).Financial Services.OthersLogistics:.Industrial:.International:. General Motors China.
GM Southeast Asia (SEA).WebsiteFootnotes / referencesGeneral Motors Company, commonly referred to as General Motors ( GM), is an American headquartered in that designs, manufactures, markets, and distributes vehicles and vehicle parts, and sells financial services, with global headquarters in Detroit's. It was originally founded by on September 16, 1908 as a holding company. The company is the largest American automobile manufacturer, and one of the world's largest. As of 2018, General Motors is ranked #10 on the rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue. GM is incorporated in.General Motors manufactures vehicles in 37 countries; its core automobile brands include,. It also either owns or holds a significant stake in foreign brands such as,. Annual worldwide sales volume reached a milestone of 10 million vehicles in 2016.
Contents.Business units In addition to its twelve brands, General Motors holds a 20% stake in, and a 77% stake in. It also has a number of joint-ventures, including, and in China, in Russia,. General Motors employs 212,000 people and does business in more than 140 countries. Main article:'s, of, had become the leading manufacturer of horse-drawn vehicles in the United States by 1900. Durant was averse to automobiles, but fellow Flint businessman James H.
Whiting, owner of Flint Wagon Works, sold him the in 1904. Durant formed the General Motors Company in 1908 as a, with partner. GM's first acquisition was Buick, which Durant already owned, then, on November 12, 1908. In 1909 Durant brought in, (predecessor of ), and the Reliance Motor Truck Company of and the Rapid Motor Vehicle Company of (predecessors of ). Durant over-leveraged the fledgling company in making these acquisitions, and was removed by the board of directors in 1910 at the behest of the bankers who backed the loans to keep GM in business.Durant re-entered the automotive industry the following year by co-founding the with Swiss race car driver (who left the company bearing his name in 1915).
In 1916 GM was reincorporated in as General Motors Corporation. By 1917 the Chevrolet Motor Company had become successful enough that Durant, with the backing of McLaughlin and, reacquired a controlling interest in GM.
Chevrolet Motor Company was consolidated into GM on May 2, 1918. Only two years later du Pont orchestrated the removal of Durant once again, and replaced him with.Sloan established annual styling changes making previous year's models to be 'dated'. He also implemented the pricing strategy that all car companies use today. The pricing strategy had Chevrolet, Pontiac, Oldsmobile, Buick and Cadillac priced from least expensive to most, respectively.General Motors grew in prominence surpassing Ford Motors selling just over 50% of car sales in 1962.
With the prominence of the company, president of General Motors, Charlie Wilson said it best - “What’s good for General Motors is good for America”.Their industrial dominance was displayed as they manufactured products other than cars and trucks such as Aircraft(North American Aviation), Construction equipment(Terex), Trains(Electro-Motive), appliances(Frigidaire). An example of GM's revival following its restructuring in the aftermath of theOn July 10, 2009, reorganization after an initial filing on June 8, 2009. The original General Motors sold assets and some subsidiaries to an entirely new company including the trademark General Motors. Liabilities were left with the original GM freeing the companies of many liabilites resulting in a new GM.GM emerged from government backed reorganization after an initial filing on June 8, 2009. Through the the US Treasury invested $49.5 billion in General Motors and recovered $39 billion when it sold its shares on December 9, 2013 resulting in a loss of $10.3 billion. The Treasury invested an additional $17.2 billion into GM's former financing company, GMAC (now Ally).
The shares in Ally were sold on December 18, 2014 for $19.6 billion netting $2.4 billion. A study by the Center for Automotive Research found that the GM bailout saved 1.2 million jobs and preserved $34.9 billion in tax revenue.Also in 2009 was not part of the General Motors Chapter 11 Bankruptcy, the company shed several brands, closing, and, while selling to Dutch automaker, and emerged from a government-backed. In 2010, the reorganized GM made an that was one of the world's top five largest IPOs to date, and returned to profitability later that year.
Images Of Working Of Electric Motor
Corporate governance Based on global sales, General Motors is routinely among the world's largest automakers. Headquartered at the in Detroit, GM employs approximately 180,000 people around the world. In 2009, General Motors sold 6.5 million cars and trucks globally; in 2010, it sold 8.39 million.As of April 2019, is the chief executive officer (CEO) and chairman of the board and Mark Reuss is the president. The head of design, was the first African American to lead a global automotive design organization, and was the highest ranking African American in the US motor industry in 2014. On April 7, 2016, he announced his retirement from General Motors after 44 years, effective July 1, 2016. He was replaced by.As part of the company's advertising, Ed Whitacre announced the company's 60-day money-back guarantee and repayment of a $6.7 billion loan from the government ahead of schedule. On December 12, 2013, GM announced that Mary Barra, 51, executive vice president, Global Product Development, Purchasing and Supply Chain, was elected by the board of directors to become the next CEO of the company succeeding Dan Akerson on January 15, 2014.
Barra also joined the GM board. From June 2009 to March 2011, the company had three chief executive officers and three chief financial officers.
Financial results The company has reported annual profits since 2010. It can carry forward previous losses to reduce tax liability on future earnings. It earned $4.7 billion in 2010. The Wall Street Journal estimated the tax break, including credits for costs related to pensions and other expenses, can be worth as much as $45 billion over the next 20 years.In 2010, General Motors ranked second on the list with 8.5 million units produced globally.
In 2011, GM returned to the first place with 9.025 million units sold worldwide, corresponding to 11.9% of the global motor vehicle industry. The top two markets in 2011 were China, with 2,547,203 units, and the United States, with 2,503,820 vehicles sold. The Chevrolet brand was the main contributor to GM performance, with 4.76 million vehicles sold around the world in 2011, a global sales record.In May 2013 during a commencement speech, CEO Dan Akerson suggested that GM was on the cusp of rejoining the index. GM was removed from the index as it approached bankruptcy in 2009.On April 24, 2014, reported that GM profits fell to $108 million for the first three months of 2014. GM now estimates the cost of their due to faulty ignition switches, which have been linked to at least 124 deaths, at $1.5 billion. Shares of GM were down 16% for the year before the new announcement of GM's lower profits.On January 4, 2016, reported that GM led a $1 billion equity financing in the transportation network company (TNC).com.
This was GM's first investment in the ride-sharing ventures and its reported participation ($500,000,000) in the round is considered to be indicative of its efforts towards the future of transportation, which it believes will be 'connected, seamless and autonomous'. Board of Directors As of February 2017., Chairman and CEO of General Motors., former Vice President of the International Union at., former Vice President of Information Systems and Global Solutions at., CEO of., former President and CEO at., former., former CEO, President, and Chairman at., CEO of., former CFO of., former CEO and Chairman of., former dean atWorld presence North America General Motors Canada Limited is the Canadian allied subsidiary of General Motors. The employees are not all Canadian, as some salaried personnel are from the U.S.
And work for the company. GM products focus primarily on its four core divisions — Chevrolet, Cadillac, Buick, and GMC. The GM restructuring has resulted in a lower break-even point for annual sales and renewed profits because of the loss of millions of jobs.In mid-2005, GM announced that its corporate chrome power emblem ' would begin appearing on all recently introduced and all-new 2006 model vehicles produced and sold in North America. However, in 2009 the 'New GM' reversed this, saying that emphasis on its four core divisions would downplay the GM logo.In May 2012, GM recorded an 18.4% market share in the U.S. With stock imported. In November 2018, GM announced it would lay off more than 14,000 employees in North America, comprising 15% of its workforce and 25% of its executive staff in the region.
The company plans to cease production in three assembly (Lordstown Assembly in Ohio, Detroit-Hamtramck Assembly in Michigan and Oshawa The first GM Corporation in North America 1918 in Canada) and two engine/transmission (White Marsh, Maryland, and Warren, Michigan) plants during 2019. Employees from those plants would also be made redundant. South America In 2008 the third largest individual country by sales was with some 550,000 GM vehicles sold. In that year Argentina, Colombia, and Venezuela sold another 300,000 GM vehicles, suggesting that the total GM sales in South America (including sales in other South American countries such as Chile, Peru, Ecuador, Bolivia, etc.) in that year were at a similar level to sales in China. On April 20, 2017, General Motors announced that the had seized the General Motors Venezolana plant in.
Further information:Prior to their sale to in 2017, was the main GM brand name in Europe except in the United Kingdom, where Opel's British subsidiary, used its own 'Vauxhall' brand name.The brand was reintroduced in Europe in 2005, selling mostly rebranded cars acquired. After having lost approximately $18B over 12 years, GM began phasing out mainstream sales of Chevrolet in Europe in late 2013, and finished by late 2015, to focus on Opel/Vauxhall. Chevrolets continue to be sold in and the, through the joint venture.
Chevrolet still has a limited presence in Europe through imports of the and, while Cadillac maintains a limited presence as well.In 2012, and General Motors formed an alliance, which involved General Motors acquiring seven percent of the PSA Group. The ownership was soon divested on December 13, 2013, generating 'gross proceeds of €0.25 billion.' By 2017, Groupe PSA considered taking over Opel from GM, after GM reported a loss of $257 million from its European operations in 2016, the sixteenth consecutive loss-making year for GM in Europe, bringing its total losses in Europe since 2000 to more than US$15 billion. On March 6, 2017 the sale of Opel and Vauxhall to the PSA Group for $2.3 billion was confirmed. GM worldwide 2008 vehicle sales(thousands)Rankin GMLocationVehiclesalesMarketshare (%)12,98120.1%21,09512.0%354919.5%438415.4%535921.4%633811.1%73008.8%821219.8%913313.1%101179.7%111144.4%121077.8%139515.5%149133.3%158036.3%16663.3%Africa GM has a long history in which began in the 1920s with the assembly of cars and light pickup trucks for the local market. In the mid of the 1950s, GM withdrew from the Egyptian market.
Some years later, the began to assemble, and models up to the 1990s. Since 1983 GM and have owned, which is currently the only manufacturer of traditional GM branded vehicles in Egypt. In the 1920s Miller Brothers Nigeria was founded as an importer of commercial vehicles of the Bedford brand into the country. In 1949, the company opened its own assembly plant and operated under the name / Motors. In 1965 the plant and its distribution network was split into different companies and renamed as Federated Motors Industries. In 1991 the company was taken in by a joint venture between General Motors and UACN of. Another manufacturing base of the GM for the African markets is the headquartered in, which assembles Isuzu and Mazda models for the Maghreb region.
Formed in 1975, General Motors East Africa (GMEA) was the largest assembler of commercial vehicles in the region exporting them from Kenya to East and Central African countries including, Tanzania, Rwanda. Its facility located in assembled a wide range of Isuzu trucks and buses including the popular Isuzu N-Series versatile light commercial vehicle, TF Series pick-ups and Isuzu bus chassis. In addition to assembly, GMEA also marketed the products and Optra. Selling entire GM's 57.7 per cent stake in General Motors East Africa to Isuzu was announced on February 28, 2017. After finishing the sale, GMEA was renamed to Isuzu East Africa Limited, effective from August 1, 2017.General Motors began operating in South Africa in 1913 through its wholly owned subsidiary,. Following the passage of the in 1986, GM was forced to divest from South Africa, and GMSA became the independent Delta Motor Corporation. GM purchased a 49% stake in Delta in 1997 following the end of, and acquired the remaining 51% in 2004, reverting the company to its original name.
By 2014 it was targeting the production of 50,000 cars a year but was being hampered by national labour unrest, strikes and protests. In May 2017, GM announced that it would exit the South Africa market by the end of 2017 by selling part of the business to Isuzu and look for a buyer for the rest of the business.
Oceania In New Zealand, GM was represented by locally assembled Chevrolet, Buick, Oldsmobile, Cadillac, and Pontiac vehicles from 1926, and Vauxhall cars from 1931. After World War II, local production of Chevrolet and Vauxhalls resumed followed by Pontiac again in 1959.In 1954 sales of fully imported vehicles began. New Zealand assembly of Holdens began in 1957 and by the end of the 1960s, Holdens replaced all Chevrolets and Pontiacs and most Vauxhalls.
Opel, Bedford, and Isuzu, vehicles were assembled or imported at different times during the 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.All GM local assembly plants closed by 1990. After the 2002 GM buyout of Daewoo, Daewoo vehicles have been imported to the present, always badged as 'Holden.' GM New Zealand was renamed in 1994.In, GM has been represented by the Holden brand since 1948. Vauxhalls were locally assembled as were Chevrolets and Pontiacs.
Chevrolet and Pontiacs ceased in 1968. The Vauxhall Viva became a locally designed and built model as the through to the 1970s. Daewoo vehicles were imported from 2004 and badged as 'Holden' to the present.In 2012, GM established as a niche marque in Australia and began to sell branded cars in Australia. However, less than twelve months later, Opel sales ceased.On December 10, 2013, GM announced that Holden would cease manufacturing operations in Australia by the end of 2017.
Holden's Australian presence now only consists of a national sales company, a parts distribution centre and a global design studio. Holdens are now sourced from GM's Korean and North American operations, and PSA (Opel).Motorsports.
The of at theGM has participated over the years in the (WTCC), and many other world venues.GM's engines were highly successful in the (IRL) throughout the 1990s, winning many races in the small class. GM has also done much work in the.
An unmodified Aurora V-8 in the Aerotech, captured 47 world records, including the record for speed endurance in the Motorsports Hall of Fame of America. Recently, the has entered motorsports racing.GM has also used many cars in the American racing series. Currently the is the only entry in the series, but in the past the, and the were also used.
GM has won a total of 40, including 34 with Chevrolet, the most of any make in NASCAR history, 3 with Oldsmobile, 2 with Buick, and 1 with Pontiac. GM leads all other automobile manufacturers in races won in NASCAR's premier series at 1,011. Chevrolet leads individual makes with 677 wins.In Australia, there is the which is battled out by the two main rivals of (GM). The current Racing Team cars are based on the and run a 5.0-litre V8-cylinder engine producing 635 bhp (474 kW). These cars have a top speed of 298 km/h (185 mph) and run 0–100 km/h in 3.8 seconds.
The is Australia's most successful team in Australian touring car history. In 2006 and 2007, the drivers' championship was won by the very closely linked (now defunct). See also: and(R&D) at General Motors began organically as the continuation of such R&D as the various divisions (e.g., Cadillac, Buick, Olds, Oakland) were already doing for themselves before the merger.
Its character was entirely empirical; it was whatever key people in each company had been competent enough to organize and pursue.' S Carriage Company in 1876 was designing and inventing Carriage Gear. The became General Motors of Canada Limited.' S Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (Delco), at, was still an independent firm at this time. Its work was well known to GM central management through its relationship as a supplier and consultancy to Cadillac and Buick.
In 1916, Durant organized the United Motors Corporation as an amalgamation of parts suppliers, supplying GM and other OEMs but independent of GM., head of the newly acquired, became United Motors' CEO. United Motors acquired Delco, and Kettering began his association with Sloan. United Motors also acquired at this time the original Remy corporation (called the Remy Electric Company), a competitor of Delco. In 1918 General Motors bought United Motors. Various entities grew out of the original Delco and Remy, including the Dayton Metal Products Corporation, the General Motors Research Corporation, the Delco Division and Remy Electric Division of GM, Delco Remy (now ), and others. Today's main successor corporation is, which nowadays is an independent parent corporation. The General Motors Research Corporation, at Dayton under Kettering, became a true automotive research center.
During the next few decades it led the development of:. Many electrical-appliance features for cars and trucks. In 1911, Charles F. Kettering, with Henry M.
Leland, of Dayton Engineering Laboratories Company (DELCO) invented and filed U.S. Chevrolet Aveo ConceptFrom the 1920s onward, General Motors always maintained an internal dialog about what its economy-car and small-car policies should be. The economy and size considerations often naturally overlapped, although a strong distinction was always drawn in the 20th century between policies for the U.S. Market and policies for other markets.
Economy (in some form) always had good demand anywhere, but its definition in the U.S. Was long considered different from that in other markets. In this view, 'economy' in the U.S. Did not mean 'small' in the sense of what qualified as 'small' outside the U.S.
The policy discussion often focused on topics like the higher demand for truly small cars in non-U.S. Markets than in the U.S., and whether it made more sense to import a car into a certain country or to build it domestically within that country, either as some variant of or with truly extensive domestic sourcing. GM's acquisitions of Vauxhall Motors Ltd (UK, 1925) and Adam Opel AG (Germany, 1929), rather than starting new domestic companies to compete against them, were based on analyses that convinced GM managers that acquiring an existing domestic manufacturer was a better business decision.Although GM since the 1920s has always offered economy models in the U.S. Market (relative to that market's definition in any given decade), and had done research and development in the 1940s and 1950s in preparation for any potential rise of strong demand for truly small cars in the U.S.
Market, it has also been criticized over the decades for not doing enough to promote fuel efficiency in the U.S. Market in the 1970s through 1990s. GM's response has been that it has always responded to market demands, and that most Americans, despite anything they said to the contrary, did not actually demand (at purchasing-decision time) small size or fuel efficiency in their vehicles to any great or lasting extent.
Although some U.S. Consumers flocked temporarily to the ideal of fuel economy whenever fuel supply crises arose (such as 1973 and 1979), they flocked equally enthusiastically to SUVs when cheap fuel of the 1980s and 1990s temporarily shielded them from any downside to these choices. Since the return of high fuel prices in the 2000s and 2010s, GM's interest in truly small-car programs for the U.S.
Market has been renewed. As part of General Motors Company development, GM revived one of its idled U.S. Factories for the production of a small car in, with the creation of 1,200 American jobs. This will be the first time that GM produced a in the United States since the ended production in 1986. This retooled plant will be capable of building 160,000 cars annually, including both small and compact vehicles. Production started in late 2011 with the. Environmental initiatives.
The, a, ranks as the U.S. All-time top-selling with 148,556 units sold through October 2018.General Motors has published principles regarding the environment and maintains an extensive website to inform the public. In 2008, General Motors committed to engineering half of its manufacturing plants to be landfill-free. In order to achieve its landfill-free status, production waste is recycled or reused in the manufacturing process.was installed at General Motors Spanish Zaragoza Manufacturing Plant in fall 2008. The Zaragoza solar installation has about 2,000,000 square feet (190,000 m 2) of roof at the plant and contains about 85,000 solar panels. The installation was created, owned and operated by Veolia Environment and Clairvoyant Energy, who lease the rooftop area from General Motors. In 2011, General Motors also invested $7.5 million in solar-panel provider Sunlogics, which will install solar panels on GM facilities.GM has long worked on, and has led the industry with ethanol-burning that can run on either (ethanol) or gasoline.
The company was the first to use and was an early proponent of in the 1960s, but quickly lost interest as popularity increased. They demonstrated vehicles powered by, an area of interest throughout the industry, but abandoned the alternative engine configuration in view of the.
In the 1970s and 1980s, GM pushed the benefits of and technologies with disastrous results due to poor durability in the diesels and drivability issues in the V8-6-4 variable-cylinder engines. In 1987, GM, in conjunction with, built the, which won the inaugural and was a showcase of advanced technology. Much of the technology from Sunraycer found its way into the Impact prototype electric vehicle (also built by Aerovironment) and was the predecessor to the.GM supported a compromise version of the (CAFE) standard increase from 27 to 35 mpg ‑US (8.7 to 6.7 L/100 km; 32 to 42 mpg ‑imp), the first such increase in over 20 years. GM hinted that they will not introduce more Volt-based plug-in hybrids.The company has publicly announced that it is committed to invest heavily in. In October 2017, GM's executive vice president of global development, announced that GM's vehicle lineup would feature 20 electric car models by 2023. Hybrid electric vehicles. Chevrolet Tahoe HybridIn May 2004, GM delivered the world's first full-sized hybrid pickups, the 1/2-ton Silverado/Sierra.
These did not use electrical energy for propulsion, like GM's later designs. In 2005, the was introduced. The 2006 was the first hybrid passenger vehicle from GM and is also a mild design. GM has hinted at new hybrid technologies to be employed that will be optimized for higher speeds in freeway driving. GM offered the system in the 2008–2013 Chevrolet Tahoe/GMC Yukon/Cadillac Escalade, and 2009–2013 GM 1/2 half-ton pickups.
This hybrid technology, co-developed with DaimlerChrysler and BMW, was first used by GM in a diesel-electric hybrid powertrain (manufactured by ) for transit buses, starting in 2004. Extended-Range Electric Vehicle. Within the framework of its vehicle electrification strategy, GM introduced the in 2010 as an Extended-Range Electric Vehicle (EREV), an electric vehicle with back-up generators powered by gasoline,.
The production Chevrolet Volt was available in late 2010 as a 2011 model with limited availability. GM delivered the first Volt during December 2010. The was launched in the U.S. And Canada in October 2015. The second generation has an upgraded drivetrain and improved battery system that increased the to 53 miles (85 km) from 38 miles (61 km). In November 2018, GM announced it would cease Volt production in March 2019.As of October 2018, global Volt/Ampera family sales totaled about 177,000 units since its inception in December 2010, including over 10,000 Opel/Vauxhall Amperas sold in Europe up to December 2015. The Volt family of vehicles ranked as the world's all-time top-selling as of September 2018, and it is also the third best selling in history after the (375,000) and the (253,000), as of October 2018.
The Chevrolet Volt is also the U.S. All-time top-selling with 148,556 units delivered through October 2018.
All-electric vehicles. The was released in California by late 2016General Motors was the first company (in the modern era) to release an all-electric automobile. In 1990, GM debuted the 'Impact' concept car at the Los Angeles Auto Show.
It was the first car with zero-emissions marketed in the US in over three decades. The Impact was eventually produced as the for the 1996 model year. It was available through dealers located in only a few regions (e.g., California, Arizona, Georgia). Vehicles were leased, rather than sold, to individuals.
In 1999 GM decided to cease production of the vehicles. When the individual leases had expired, they declined to renew the leases or allow the lessors to purchase them. All of the EV1s were eventually returned to General Motors and, with the exception of a few which were donated to museums, all were destroyed. The documentary film covered the EV1 story.The EV1's cancellation had disappointed supporters of electric vehicles. In 2010, GM debuted the, a with back-up generators powered by gasoline. General Motors has announced that it is building a prototype two-seat electric vehicle with.
An early prototype of the Personal Urban Mobility and Accessibility vehicle—dubbed – was presented in New York at the 2009.In October 2011, General Motors announced the production of the, an version of the third generation, with availability limited to select U.S. And global markets.
In October 2012, GM Korea announced it will start making and selling the Spark EV domestically in 2013. The production version was unveiled at the 2012. Within the framework of GM's vehicle electrification strategy, the Spark EV is the first all-electric passenger car marketed by General Motors in the U.S. Since the was discontinued in 1999. The Spark EV was released in the U.S.
In selected markets in California and Oregon in June 2013. Retail sales began in South Korea in October 2013. GM also plans to sell the Spark EV in limited quantities in Canada and select European markets.GM began production of the in October 2016, the first ever mass market with a range of more than 200 miles (320 km). Deliveries in California are scheduled to begin in late 2016. The vehicle will be launched in all 50 US states and analysts expect it to sell around 30,000 units per year, though GM itself has not confirmed these estimates.
The battery pack and most drivetrain components are built by LG and assembled in GM's Lake Orion plant.In March 2019, the company announced that it would begin production of a new EV model in Lake Orion but declined to provide details about the vehicle at that time. In May 2019, General Motors received pushback on its plan to release a fleet of up to 2,500 modified Chevrolet Bolt electric vehicles. The company planned to release these vehicles by Q4 of 2019 as part of their initiatives to build a controlled self-driving fleet.
Battery packs for electric vehicles GM builds battery packs in southern. GM also established an automotive battery laboratory in Michigan. GM will be responsible for battery management systems and power electronics, thermal management, as well as the pack assembly. An existing GM facility at Brownstown Township was chosen to be upgraded as battery pack plant.
LG Chem's U.S. Subsidiary, Compact Power of Troy, Michigan, has been building the prototype packs for the development vehicles and will continue to provide integration support and act as a liaison for the program. Hydrogen initiative. A fuel cell-powered vehicle from GMThe 1966 GM Electrovan is credited with being the first hydrogen car ever produced. Though fuel cells have been around since the early 1800s, General Motors was the first to use a fuel cell, supplied by Union Carbide, to power the wheels of a vehicle with a budget of 'millions of dollars'.
In 2002, it was reported that GM spent about $100 million a year in research and development of fuel cell vehicle. In June 2007, Larry Burns, vice president of research and development, said he was not yet willing to say exactly when hydrogen vehicles would be mass-produced, but he said it should happen before 2020, the year many experts have predicted. He said 'I sure would be disappointed if we weren't there' before 2020.On July 2, 2013, GM and Honda announced a partnership to develop fuel cell systems and hydrogen storage technologies for the 2020 time frame. GM and Honda are leaders in fuel cell technology, ranking No. 2, respectively, in total fuel cell patents filed between 2002 and 2012, with more than 1,200 between them according to the Clean Energy Patent Growth Index.
Flexible-fuel vehicles. E85 FlexFuel LT 2009 (USA)GM produces several that can operate on or gasoline, or any blend of both. Since 2006 GM started featuring a bright yellow gas cap to remind drivers of the E85 capabilities.GM is the leader in E85 flex fuel vehicles, with over 6 million FlexFuel vehicles on the road in the U.S. In 2010, GM pledged to have more than half of their annual vehicle production be E85 or capable by 2012. As of 2012, GM offers 20 ethanol-enabled FlexFuel cars and trucks in the US, and offers more FlexFuel vehicles models than any other automaker. See also:Since 1994, General Motors has donated over $23 million in cash and vehicles to the, and funding from GM supports many conservation projects.In 1996, GMC partnered with the fashion industry as a part of the GM/CFDA Concept: Cure, a collaboration between General Motors and the Fashion industry bringing awareness to and raising funds for breast cancer. The program involved five designers, each lending their artistic talents to customize five different vehicles., and were tasked with transforming a, and Z28, respectively.
The cars were then auctioned with the proceeds presented to the Center at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in 1997.Since 1997, the GM Foundation has been a source of funding for 's 'Safe Kids Buckle Up' program, a national initiative to ensure child automobile safety through education and inspection.Through 2002, the PACE Awards program, led by GM, EDS, and SUN Microsystems, has given over $1.2 billion of in-kind contributions which includes computers to over 18 universities to support engineering education. In 2009, the GM led group has helped the Pace Awards program worldwide.In 2004, GM gave $51,200,000 in cash contributions and $17,200,000 in-kind donations to charitable causes.The General Motors Foundation (GM Foundation) receives philanthropic bequests from General Motors. It is a 501(c)(3) foundation incorporated in 1976. Branding BrandYear foundedYear began making autosYear joined GMMarkets served today17Global, except South Africa and India08China, North America09North America, Middle East09North America, Middle East, China, Japan, South Korea, Europe31Australia, New Zealand10China11China02China, Indonesia. As it emerged from bankruptcy and company reorganization in 2010, GM structured its brand portfolio. Some nameplates like Pontiac, Saturn, Hummer, and service brands like Goodwrench were discontinued.
Others, like, were sold. The practice of putting the 'GM Mark of Excellence' on every car, no matter what the brand, was discontinued in August 2009. The company has moved from a corporate-endorsed hybrid brand architecture structure, where GM underpinned every brand to a multiple brand corporate invisible brand architecture structure. The company's familiar square blue 'badge' has been removed from the Web site and advertising, in favor of a new, subtle all-text logo treatment on its U.S. Site; the Canadian site still retains the blue 'badge'.
In 2011, GM discontinued the Daewoo brand in South Korea and replaced it with the Chevrolet brand. GM holds about 96% of (2011–present) which mainly designs and produces Chevrolet and Holden branded vehicles. GM holds about 25% of(2008–present) which produces Ravon, Chevrolet and Daewoo branded vehicles.Labor conflicts Flint sit-down strike. With machine guns overlooking Chevrolet factories number nine and number fourWhile the UAW called for a sit-down strike in Flint, the police, armed with guns and tear gas, attempted to enter the Fisher Body 2 plant on January 11, 1937. The strikers inside the plant pelted them with hinges, bottles, and bolts.
At the time, supported federal intervention to break up the Flint Strike, but this idea was rejected. The president urged GM to distinguish a union so the plants could re-open. The strike ended after 44 days.That development forced GM to bargain with the union., President of the and founder and leader of the Congress of Industrial Organizations, spoke for the UAW in those negotiations; UAW President was sent on a speaking tour to keep him out of the way. GM's representatives refused to be in the same room as the UAW's, so Governor acted as courier and between the two groups. Governor Murphy sent in the, not to evict the strikers, but rather to protect them from the police and corporate.
The two parties finally reached agreement on February 11, 1937 on a one-page agreement that recognized the UAW as the exclusive bargaining representative for GM's employees who were members of the union for the next six months. Tool and die strike of 1939. Main article:From November 21, 1945 until March 13, 1946 (113 days), 's (UAW), organized '320,000 hourly workers' to form a US-wide strike against the, workers used the tactic of the. It was 'the longest strike against a major manufacturer' that the UAW had yet seen, and it was also 'the longest national GM strike in its history.' As director of the UAW's General Motors Department (coordinator of union relations with GM), suggested to his colleagues the idea of striking the GM manufacturing plants with a 'one-at-a-time' strategy, which was 'intended to maximize pressure on the target company.' Reuther also put forth the demands of the strikers: a 30 percent increase in wages and a hold on product prices.
However, the strike ended to the dissatisfaction of Walter Reuther and the UAW, and the workers received only a 17.5-percent increase in wages.2007 General Motors strike. Main article:The was a strike from September 24 to 26, 2007, by the against General Motors.On September 24, 2007, General Motors workers represented by the union went on strike against the company. The first US-wide strike against GM since 1970 was expected to idle 59 plants and facilities for an indefinite period of time. Talks broke down after more than 20 straight days of bargaining failed to produce a new contract. Major issues that proved to be stumbling blocks for an agreement included wages, benefits, job security and investments in US facilities.Within hours, the ripple effect was felt in Canada with closures of two car assembly plants in, and a transmission facility in on September 25. However, on September 26, a tentative agreement was reached, and the strike's end was announced by UAW officials in a news conference at 4 a.m. By the following day, all GM workers in both countries were back to work.2019 General Motors strike.
1961–63 Corvair swing-axle rear suspensionby, published in 1965, is a pioneering book accusing of being slow to introduce features, and reluctant to spend money on improving safety. The subject for which the book is probably most widely known, the rear-engined GM, is covered in the first chapter. It relates to the first (1960–1964) models that had a design which was prone to 'tuck under' in certain circumstances. In substitution for the cost-cutting lack of a front stabilizer bar (anti-roll bar), Corvairs required pressures which were outside of the tire manufacturer's recommended tolerances.
The Corvair relied on an unusually high front to rear pressure differential (15psi front, 26psi rear, when cold; 18 psi and 30psi hot), and if one inflated the tires equally, as was standard practice for all other cars at the time, the result was a dangerous oversteer.In early March 1966, several media outlets, including and, alleged that GM had tried to discredit, hiring private detectives to tap his phones and investigate his past, and hiring prostitutes to trap him in compromising situations. Nader sued the company for and settled the case for $425,000. Nader's lawsuit against GM was ultimately decided by the, whose opinion in the case expanded to cover 'overzealous surveillance'. Nader used the proceeds from the lawsuit to start the pro-consumer Center for Study of Responsive Law.A 1972 safety commission report conducted by concluded that the 1960–1963 Corvair possessed no greater potential for loss of control than its contemporary competitors in extreme situations. Department of Transportation (DOT) issued a press release in 1972 describing the findings of testing from the previous year.
NHTSA had conducted a series of comparative tests in 1971 studying the handling of the 1963 Corvair and four contemporary cars—a, and —along with a second-generation Corvair (with its completely redesigned, independent rear suspension). The 143-page report reviewed NHTSA's extreme-condition handling tests, national crash-involvement data for the cars in the test as well as General Motors' internal documentation regarding the Corvair's handling. NHTSA went on to contract an independent advisory panel of engineers to review the tests. This review panel concluded that 'the 1960–63 Corvair compares favorably with contemporary vehicles used in the tests. the handling and stability performance of the 1960–63 Corvair does not result in an abnormal potential for loss of control or rollover, and it is at least as good as the performance of some contemporary vehicles both foreign and domestic.' Former GM executive asserted in his book On a Clear Day You Can See General Motors that Nader's criticisms were valid.Journalist, in a 2009 article in, noted that despite Nader's claim that swing-axle rear suspension were dangerous, and all used similar swing-axle concepts during that era. Ignition switch recall.
Main article:In May 2014 the fined the company $35 million for failing to recall cars with faulty ignition switches for a decade, despite knowing there was a problem with the switches. General Motors paid compensation for 124 deaths linked to the faulty switches. The $35 million fine was the maximum the regulator could impose. General Motors has announced that they are also facing 79 customer lawsuits asking for as much as $10 billion for economic losses attributed to the recall. As well as the Cobalts, the switches of concern had been installed in many other cars, such as the Pontiac G5, the Saturn Ion, the Chevrolet HHR, the Saturn Sky, and Pontiac Solstice.
Eventually the recall involved about 2.6 million GM cars worldwide. US tariffs on non-US built vehicles Since January 2018, the had accused car manufacturers including General Motors for selling vehicles in the US market that were being imported/exported from other countries such as Canada, China, European Union, Japan, Mexico, South Korea, and Turkey. Due to this, President began imposing on certain foreign built vehicles, which has negatively affected General Motors. Reasons for these tariffs were due to Trump's America First Policy and human right violations in some of those countries. Chevy BlazerThe decision to build the Blazer in Mexico was criticized by the, who wanted the vehicle built in the United States and is disappointed by GM's reason behind the announcement to begin production outside the country, citing GM's decision to cut back on its second shift workforce (and announced shutdown) at the and moving production to Mexico. On January 10, 2019, the UAW announced that it has ordered its members to boycott the Blazer. Terry Dittes, director of the UAW's GM Department, said the automaker has doubled down on cheaper labor in Mexico and continues to use temporary workers at U.S.
(1964), McDonald, John (ed.), Garden City, NY, US: Doubleday,. Republished in 1990 with a new introduction by ( ). Barabba, Vincent P. New York: Oxford University Press.
(1964). Giant Enterprise: Ford, General Motors, and the Automobile Industry. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World. Cray, Ed (1980). Chrome Colossus: General Motors and Its Times. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Farber, David R. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Gustin, Lawrence R. (2008) 1973. Billy Durant: Creator of General Motors.
Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. (1986). The Reckoning. A Thomas Congdon book.
New York: Morrow. Keller, Maryann (1989). New York: Morrow. Kimes, Beverly Rae (editor) (1989).
Iola, Wisconsin: Krause Publications. CS1 maint: extra text: authors list. Leslie, Stuart W. New York: Columbia University Press.; Wormald, John (2004). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Maynard, Micheline (2003). New York: Currency/Doubleday.
Pelfrey, William (2006). New York: AMACOM. Rae, John Bell (1965). The American Automobile; A Brief History. The Chicago history of American civilization. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Robertson, Heather (1995). A history of the businesses of and family, and the beginnings of Ltd. (1979). Boston: Little, Brown.External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to. Business data for General Motors Company. (1929–1995). (1929–2007).
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